Fetching block headers and cross-checking independent nodes.
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Under ~5% of hashrate signals. From block 961,632 a BIP-110 node rejects nearly every block, sees maybe a handful a week, and becomes unusable. Core nodes notice nothing. No split — a stuck minority of wallets.
Enough hashrate (roughly 55%+ committed, or a determined 20–40%) mines a signalling chain. Two histories persist, both spendable, and the ticker BTC becomes contested. This is the outcome that needs 2+ major pools.
Signalling clears 55% in a retarget period, or mandatory signalling forces lock-in. New data limits apply at block 965,664 and expire on their own about a year later. Old nodes keep following the chain — that is what makes it soft.